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By Artemis Molai
Addiction is more likely to develop in certain brains than others. In studies reviewing families and heredity, approximately 50 to 60 percent of opioid use disorder risk is linked to genetics. Instead of genetics directly leading to opioid use disorder, the brain chemistry such as the brain’s reward circuit is impacted. Sharing similar genetic traits and lifestyles result in the escalated chances of an individual becoming addicted to opioids.
A majority of opioids are processed by the mu opioid receptor, a specialized protein in the nervous system that regulates pain perception, stress, and reward and is developed from a specific gene throughout the body: the OPRM1 gene.
The mu opioid receptor is responsible for processing numerous aspects throughout the human body including addictions and pain. In addition to impacting bodily temperature, stress, and breathing, the mu opioid receptors also attach opioids. As genetic mutations (alterations to DNA) occur, the tolerance level of opioids can be impacted.
For example, genetic differences may drastically change how patients respond to the same pain management treatment. Variations in DNA can alter the shape of brain receptors, leading to medications not binding well to the receptors. As medication struggles to attach easily, a greater dose may be required for results such as alleviating pain. Additionally, DNA dictates the opioid processing speed of the liver, by causing the liver to either break down opioids too quickly or too slowly.
As an individual uses opioids, dopamine is triggered, releasing a neurotransmitter associated with euphoria and “rewards.” A drop in dopamine levels because of genetic mutations may lead to the increased susceptibility for addiction, which With lower dopamine levels, engaging in increased opioid use and impulsive, “risky” behaviors becomes necessary to feel the dopamine rush others experience through routine activities.
Non-genetic factors such as childhood neglect and mental health issues also play a role in the likelihood of opioid addiction.
Mental health struggles may lead to changes throughout the brain in relation to impulse control and rewards, resulting in a possible yearning for opioids. As opioid use disorder intensifies, the severity of a mental health condition will also worsen, and vice versa. Individuals with personalities that require thrills or experience hypersensitivity to anxiety, are usually associated with a greater risk of opioid usage.
Neglect inhibits children from handling feelings and developing healthy attachments, frequently causing a reliance on substances in order to control their emotions later in life.
With the knowledge of certain individuals being at a higher risk of opioid-use addiction, substance use should be treated urgently when related to numerous life events and hereditary factors. Since opioid use disorder portrays a mix of inherited factors and personal trauma, the acknowledgment of these risks is among the primary and vital steps toward lasting protection and long-lasting recovery.
This article was written as part of a program to educate youth and others about Alameda County’s opioid crisis, prevention and treatment options. The program is funded by the Alameda County Behavioral Health Department and the grant is administered by Three Valleys Community Foundation.
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